3D printing in combination with post-functionalization is used to develop robust and highly active electrodes for challenging multi-electron electrocatalyses, including hydrogen evolution and water oxidation.

The top-down synthesis and deposition of polyoxometalate-like sub-nanometer molybdenum(VI)-oxo clusters on porous carbon is reported together with the high electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactivity of the composite.

Scalable bottom-up fabrication routes for the deposition of highly active metal oxide electrocatalysts on metal foam electrodes are developed. Control of their structure and morphology give access to highly efficient catalysts for oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution and other challenging electrocatalyses.